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Cabezas, A., Mitsch, W. J., MacDonnell, C., Zhang, L., Bydalek, F., & Lasso, A. (2018). Methane emissions from mangrove soils in hydrologically disturbed and reference mangrove tidal creeks in southwest Florida. Ecological Engineering, 114, 57–65.
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Chung, E. - S., & Soden, B. J. (2015). An assessment of methods for computing radiative forcing in climate models. Environ. Res. Lett., 10(7), 074004.
Abstract: Because the radiative forcing is rarely computed separately when performing climate model simulations, several alternative methods have been developed to estimate both the instantaneous (or direct) forcing and the adjusted forcing. The adjusted forcing accounts for the radiative impact arising from the adjustment of climate variables to the instantaneous forcing, independent of any surface warming. Using climate model experiments performed for CMIP5, we find the adjusted forcing for 4xCO(2) ranges from roughly 5.5-9 W m(-2) in current models. This range is shown to be consistent between different methods of estimating the adjusted forcing. Decomposition using radiative kernels and offline double-call radiative transfer calculations indicates that the spread receives a substantial contribution (roughly 50%) from intermodel differences in the instantaneous component of the radiative forcing. Moreover, nearly all of the spread in adjusted forcing can be accounted for by differences in the instantaneous forcing and stratospheric adjustment, implying that tropospheric adjustments to CO2 play only a secondary role. This suggests that differences in modeling radiative transfer are responsible for substantial differences in the projected climate response and underscores the need to archive double-call radiative transfer calculations of the instantaneous forcing as a routine diagnostic.
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Deng, Y., Park, T. - W., & Cai, M. (2013). Radiative and Dynamical Forcing of the Surface and Atmospheric Temperature Anomalies Associated with the Northern Annular Mode. J. Climate, 26(14), 5124–5138.
Abstract: On the basis of the total energy balance within an atmosphere-surface column, an attribution analysis is conducted for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) atmospheric and surface temperature response to the northern annular mode (NAM) in boreal winter. The local temperature anomaly in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) is decomposed into partial temperature anomalies because of changes in atmospheric dynamics, water vapor, clouds, ozone, surface albedo, and surface dynamics with the coupled atmosphere-surface climate feedback-response analysis method (CFRAM). Large-scale ascent/descent as part of the NAM-related mean meridional circulation anomaly adiabatically drives the main portion of the observed zonally averaged atmospheric temperature response, particularly the tropospheric cooling/warming over northern extratropics. Contributions from diabatic processes are generally small but could be locally important, especially at lower latitudes where radiatively active substances such as clouds and water vapor are more abundant. For example, in the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere, both cloud and ozone forcings are critical in leading to the observed NAM-related temperature anomalies. Radiative forcing due to changes in water vapor acts as the main driver of the surface warming of southern North America during a positive phase of NAM, with atmospheric dynamics providing additional warming. In the negative phase of NAM, surface albedo change drives the surface cooling of southern North America, with atmospheric dynamics providing additional cooling. Over the subpolar North Atlantic and northern Eurasia, atmospheric dynamical processes again become the largest contributor to the NAM-related surface temperature anomalies, although changes in water vapor and clouds also contribute positively to the observed surface temperature anomalies while change in surface dynamics contributes negatively to the observed temperature anomalies.
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Erb, M. P., Broccoli, A. J., Graham, N. T., Clement, A. C., Wittenberg, A. T., & Vecchi, G. A. (2015). Response of the Equatorial Pacific Seasonal Cycle to Orbital Forcing. J. Climate, 28(23), 9258–9276.
Abstract: The response of the equatorial Pacific Ocean's seasonal cycle to orbital forcing is explored using idealized simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean GCM in which eccentricity, obliquity, and the longitude of perihelion are altered while other boundary conditions are maintained at preindustrial levels. The importance of ocean dynamics in the climate response is investigated using additional simulations with a slab ocean version of the model. Precession is found to substantially influence the equatorial Pacific seasonal cycle through both thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms, while changes in obliquity have only a small effect. In the precession experiments, western equatorial Pacific SSTs respond in a direct thermodynamic manner to changes in insolation, while the eastern equatorial Pacific is first affected by the propagation of thermocline temperature anomalies from the west. These thermocline signals result from zonal wind anomalies associated with changes in the strength of subtropical anticyclones and shifts in the regions of convection in the western equatorial Pacific. The redistribution of heat from these thermocline signals, aided by the direct thermodynamic effect of insolation anomalies, results in large changes to the strength and timing of the eastern equatorial Pacific seasonal cycle. A comparison of 10 CMIP5 mid-Holocene experiments, in which the primary forcing is due to precession, shows that this response is relatively robust across models. Because equatorial Pacific SST anomalies have local climate impacts as well as nonlocal impacts through teleconnections, these results may be important to understanding paleoclimate variations both inside and outside of the tropical Pacific.
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Soden, B. J., Collins, W. D., & Feldman, D. R. (2018). Reducing uncertainties in climate models: Implementing accurate calculations of radiative forcing can improve climate projections. Science, 361(6400), 326–327.
Abstract: Radiative forcing is a fundamental quantity for understanding both anthropogenic and natural changes in climate. It measures the extent to which human activities [such as the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), see the image] and natural events (such as volcanic eruptions) perturb the flow of energy into and out of the climate system. This perturbation initiates all other changes of the climate in response to external forcings. Inconsistencies in the calculation of radiative forcing by CO2 introduce uncertainties in model projections of climate change, a problem that has persisted for more than two decades. The explicit calculation of radiative forcing and a careful vetting of radiative transfer parameterizations provide a straightforward means to substantially reduce these uncertainties and improve the projections.
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