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Briceno, H. O., & Boyer, J. N. (2010). Climatic Controls on Phytoplankton Biomass in a Sub-tropical Estuary, Florida Bay, USA. Estuaries and Coasts, 33(2), 541–553.
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Abstract: The extraction of climatic signals from time series of biogeochemical data is further complicated in estuarine regions because of the dynamic interaction of land, ocean, and atmosphere. We explored the behavior of potential global and regional climatic stressors to isolate specific shifts or trends, which could have a forcing role on the behavior of biogeochemical descriptors of water quality and phytoplankton biomass from Florida Bay, as an example of a sub-tropical estuary. We performed statistical analysis and subdivided the bay into six zones having unique biogeochemical characteristics. Significant shifts in the drivers were identified in all the chlorophyll a time series. Chlorophyll a concentrations closely follow global forcing and display a generalized declining trend on which seasonal oscillations are superimposed, and it is only interrupted by events of sudden increase triggered by storms which are followed by a relatively rapid return to pre-event conditions trailing again the long-term trend.
Keywords: Florida Bay; Chlorophyll a; Time series; Climate signal; CUSUM; Hurricane impact
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Charles, S. P., Kominoski, J. S., Troxler, T. G., Gaiser, E. E., Servais, S., Wilson, B. J., et al. (2019). Experimental Saltwater Intrusion Drives Rapid Soil Elevation and Carbon Loss in Freshwater and Brackish Everglades Marshes. Estuaries and Coasts, 42(7), 1868–1881.
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Abstract: Increasing rates of sea-level rise (SLR) threaten to submerge coastal wetlands unless they increase soil elevation at similar pace, often by storing soil organic carbon (OC). Coastal wetlands face increasing salinity, marine-derived nutrients, and inundation depths from increasing rates of SLR. To quantify the effects of SLR on soil OC stocks and fluxes and elevation change, we conducted two mesocosm experiments using the foundation species sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense) and organic soils from freshwater and brackish Florida Everglades marshes for 1 year. In freshwater mesocosms, we compared ambient and elevated salinity (fresh, 9 ppt) and phosphorus (ambient, + 1 g P m(-2) year(-1)) treatments with a 2 x 2 factorial design. Salinity addition reduced root biomass (48%), driving 2.8 +/- 0.3 cm year(-1) of elevation loss, while soil elevation was maintained in freshwater conditions. Added P increased root productivity (134%) but also increased breakdown rates (k) of roots (31%) and leaves (42%) with no effect on root biomass or soil elevation. In brackish mesocosms, we compared ambient and elevated salinity (10, 19 ppt) and inundated and exposed conditions (water level 5-cm below and 4-cm above soil). Elevated salinity decreased root productivity (70%) and root biomass (37%) and increased k in litter (33%) and surface roots (11%), whereas inundation decreased subsurface root k (10%). All brackish marshes lost elevation at similar rates (0.6 +/- 0.2 cm year(-1)). In conclusion, saltwater intrusion in freshwater and brackish wetlands may reduce net OC storage and increase vulnerability to SLR despite inundation or marine P supplies.
Keywords: Saltwater intrusion; Carbon storage; Sea-level rise; Ecosystem vulnerability; Elevation change; Coastal wetlands; Phosphorus; Salinity; Inundation
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Crosby, S. C., Angermeyer, A., Adler, J. M., Bertness, M. D., Deegan, L. A., Sibinga, N., et al. (2017). Spartina alterniflora Biomass Allocation and Temperature: Implications for Salt Marsh Persistence with Sea-Level Rise. Estuaries and Coasts, 40(1), 213–223.
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Keywords: Spartina alterniflora; Salt marsh; Smooth cordgrass; Climate change; Biomass; Elevation
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Dontis, E. E., Radabough, K. R., Chappel, A. R., Russo, C. E., & Moyer, R. P. (2020). Carbon Storage Increases with Site Age as Created Salt Marshes Transition to Mangrove Forests in Tampa Bay, Florida (USA). Estuaries and Coasts, 43, 1470–1488.
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Abstract: Coastal wetlands can sequester large amounts of organic carbon (OC), providing an additional motivation for the preservation and restoration of these ecosystems. In Tampa Bay (Florida, USA), created coastal wetlands are initially planted with Spartina spp., but nearly all sites naturally transition into mangrove forests. It was hypothesized that carbon storage in the created wetlands would increase with site age due to the accumulation of soil organic carbon and replacement of salt marsh vegetation with mangrove forests. Mature, mangrove-dominated sites had higher total organic carbon stocks (138.7 ± 13.8 Mg C ha&#8722;1) than middle-aged transitional sites (85.6 ± 25.5 Mg C ha&#8722;1) or young salt marshes (34.5 ± 7.7 Mg C ha&#8722;1). Mature sites consisted of tall trees (> 130 cm tall) and scarce salt marsh vegetation. Transitional sites contained mangrove scrubs (30-130 cm tall) and seedlings (< 30 cm tall) while still supporting salt marsh vegetation; younger sites were dominated by salt marsh vegetation and had no trees. Belowground OC constituted the greatest carbon pool (59.4% of the total OC stock), but belowground OC stocks were not significantly different among the site age classes, suggesting that aboveground OC stocks drove the difference in total OC stocks. The total carbon accumulation rate, including both aboveground and belowground OC, was 4.7 Mg C ha&#8722;1 year&#8722;1 across the 26-year chronosequence. This study has demonstrated that carbon storage in created coastal wetlands is correlated to wetland age, indicating that these ecosystems have the potential to become significant sources of OC storage.
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Flower, H., Rains, M., Lewis, D., & Zhang, J. - Z. (2017). Rapid and Intense Phosphate Desorption Kinetics When Saltwater Intrudes into Carbonate Rock. Estuaries and Coasts, 40(5), 1301–1313.
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Keywords: Florida Everglades; Groundwater; Submarine groundwater discharge
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Howard, J. L., Perez, A., Lopes, C. C., & Fourqurean, J. W. (2016). Fertilization Changes Seagrass Community Structure but not Blue Carbon Storage: Results from a 30-Year Field Experiment. Estuaries and Coasts, 39(5), 1422–1434.
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Abstract: Seagrass ecosystems are attracting attention as potentially important tools for carbon (C) sequestration, comparable to those terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems already incorporated into climate change mitigation frameworks. Despite the relatively low C stocks in living biomass, the soil organic carbon pools beneath seagrass meadows can be substantial. We tested the relationship between soil C storage and seagrass community biomass, productivity, and species composition by revisiting meadows experimentally altered by 30 years of consistent nutrient fertilization provided by roosting birds. While the benthos beneath experimental perches has maintained dense, Halodule wrightii-dominated communities compared to the sparse Thalassia testudinum-dominated communities at control sites, there were no significant differences in soil organic carbon stocks in the top 15 cm. Although there were differences in delta C-13 of the dominant seagrass species at control and treatment sites, there was no difference in soil delta C-13 between treatments. Averages for soil organic carbon content (2.57 +/- 0.08 %) and delta C-13 (-12.0 +/- 0.3 aEuro degrees) were comparable to global averages for seagrass ecosystems; however, our findings question the relevance of local-scale seagrass species composition or density to soil organic carbon pools in some environmental contexts.
Keywords: Seagrass; Organic matter; Sediment; Blue carbon
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Mazzei, V., Gaiser, E. E., Kominoski, J. S., Wilson, B. J., Servais, S., Bauman, L., et al. (2018). Functional and Compositional Responses of Periphyton Mats to Simulated Saltwater Intrusion in the Southern Everglades. Estuaries and Coasts, 41(7). Retrieved February 26, 2021, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-018-0415-6
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Abstract: Periphyton plays key ecological roles in karstic, freshwater wetlands and is extremely sensitive to environmental change making it a powerful tool to detect saltwater intrusion into these vulnerable and valuable ecosystems. We conducted field mesocosm experiments in the Florida Everglades, USA to test the effects of saltwater intrusion on periphyton metabolism, nutrient content, and diatom species composition, and how these responses differ between mats from a freshwater versus a brackish marsh. Pulsed saltwater intrusion was simulated by dosing treatment chambers monthly with a brine solution for 15 months; control chambers were simultaneously dosed with site water. Periphyton from the freshwater marsh responded to a 1-ppt increase in surface water salinity with reduced productivity and decreased concentrations of total carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. These functional responses were accompanied by significant shifts in periphytic diatom assemblages. Periphyton mats at the brackish marsh were more functionally resilient to the saltwater treatment (~ 2 ppt above ambient), but nonetheless experienced significant shifts in diatom composition. These findings suggest that freshwater periphyton is negatively affected by small, short-term increases in salinity and that periphytic diatom assemblages, particularly at the brackish marsh, are a better metric of salinity increases compared with periphyton functional metrics due to functional redundancy. This research provides new and valuable information regarding periphyton dynamics in response to changing water sources in the southern Everglades that will allow us to extend the use of periphyton, and their diatom assemblages, as tools for environmental assessments related to saltwater intrusion.
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Menning, D. M., Carraher-Stross, W. A., Graham, E. D., Thomas, D. N., Phillips, A. R., Scharping, R. J., et al. (2018). Aquifer Discharge Drives Microbial Community Change in Karst Estuaries. Estuaries and Coasts, 41(2), 430–443.
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Keywords: Biogeochemistry; Ecology; Molecular; Community; Karst; Estuary; Microbial; Environmental DNA
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Putland, J. N., Mortazavi, B., Iverson, R. L., & Wise, S. W. (2014). Phytoplankton Biomass and Composition in a River-Dominated Estuary During Two Summers of Contrasting River Discharge. Estuaries and Coasts, 37(3), 664–679.
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Abstract: Estuaries located in the northern Gulf of Mexico are expected to experience reduced river discharge due to increasing demand for freshwater and predicted periods of declining precipitation. Changes in freshwater and nutrient input might impact estuarine higher trophic level productivity through changes in phytoplankton quantity and quality. Phytoplankton biomass and composition were examined in Apalachicola Bay, Florida during two summers of contrasting river discharge. The < 20 mu m autotrophs were the main component (92 +/- 3 %; n = 14) of phytoplankton biomass in lower (< 25 psu) salinity waters. In these lower salinity waters containing higher dissolved inorganic nutrients, phycocyanin containing cyanobacteria made the greatest contribution to phytoplankton biomass (69 +/- 3 %; n = 14) followed by < 20 mu m eukaryotes (19 +/- 1 %; n = 14), and phycoerythrin containing cyanobacteria (4 +/- 1 %; n = 14). In waters with salinity from 25 to 35 psu that were located within or in close proximity to the estuary, > 20 mu m diatoms were an increasingly (20 to 70 %) larger component of phytoplankton biomass. Lower summer river discharges that lead to an areal contraction of lower (5-25 psu) salinity waters composed of higher phytoplankton biomass dominated by small (< 20 mu m) autotrophs will lead to a concomitant areal expansion of higher (> 25 psu) salinity waters composed of relatively lower phytoplankton biomass and a higher percent contribution by > 20 mu m diatoms. A reduction in summer river discharge that leads to such a change in quantity and quality of estuarine phytoplankton available will result in a reduction in estuarine zooplankton productivity and possibly the productivity of higher trophic levels.
Keywords: Phytoplankton; Biomass; Composition; Picoplankton; Salinity; Estuary
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Robbins,, & Lisle,. (2018). Regional Acidification Trends in Florida Shellfish Estuaries: a 20+ Year Look at pH, Oxygen, Temperature, and Salinity. Estuaries and Coasts, 41(5), 1268–1281.
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Keywords: Shellfish estuary; pH; Sea surface temperature; Salinity; Dissolved oxygen; Ocean acidification
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Saha, A. K., Moses, C. S., Price, R. M., Engel, V., Smith, T. J., & Anderson, G. (2012). A Hydrological Budget (2002-2008) for a Large Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Indicates Marine Groundwater Discharge Accompanies Diminished Freshwater Flow. Estuaries and Coasts, 35(2), 459–474.
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Abstract: Water budget parameters are estimated for Shark River Slough (SRS), the main drainage within Everglades National Park (ENP) from 2002 to 2008. Inputs to the water budget include surface water inflows and precipitation while outputs consist of evapotranspiration, discharge to the Gulf of Mexico and seepage losses due to municipal wellfield extraction. The daily change in volume of SRS is equated to the difference between input and outputs yielding a residual term consisting of component errors and net groundwater exchange. Results predict significant net groundwater discharge to the SRS peaking in June and positively correlated with surface water salinity at the mangrove ecotone, lagging by 1 month. Precipitation, the largest input to the SRS, is offset by ET (the largest output); thereby highlighting the importance of increasing fresh water inflows into ENP for maintaining conditions in terrestrial, estuarine, and marine ecosystems of South Florida.
Keywords: Hydrological budget – Everglades – Evapotranspiration – Groundwater discharge – Salinity
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Scheffel, W. A., Heck, K. L., & Johnson, M. W. (2018). Tropicalization of the Northern Gulf of Mexico: Impacts of Salt Marsh Transition to Black Mangrove Dominance on Faunal Communities. Estuaries and Coasts, 41(4), 1193–1205.
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Keywords: Climate change; Range expansion; Spartina alterniflora; Avicennia germinans; Macroinvertebrate; Fauna
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Smith, C. G., Price, R. M., Swarzenski, P. W., & Stalker, J. C. (2016). The Role of Ocean Tides on Groundwater-Surface Water Exchange in a Mangrove-Dominated Estuary: Shark River Slough, Florida Coastal Everglades, USA. Estuaries and Coasts, 39(6), 1600–1616.
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Abstract: Low-relief environments like the Florida Coastal Everglades (FCE) have complicated hydrologic systems where surface water and groundwater processes are intimately linked yet hard to separate. Fluid exchange within these low-hydraulic-gradient systems can occur across broad spatial and temporal scales, with variable contributions to material transport and transformation. Identifying and assessing the scales at which these processes operate is essential for accurate evaluations of how these systems contribute to global biogeochemical cycles. The distribution of Rn-222 and Ra-223,Ra-224,Ra-226 have complex spatial patterns along the Shark River Slough estuary (SRSE), Everglades, FL. High-resolution time-series measurements of Rn-222 activity, salinity, and water level were used to quantify processes affecting radon fluxes out of the mangrove forest over a tidal cycle. Based on field data, tidal pumping through an extensive network of crab burrows in the lower FCE provides the best explanation for the high radon and fluid fluxes. Burrows are irrigated during rising tides when radon and other dissolved constituents are released from the mangrove soil. Flushing efficiency of the burrows-defined as the tidal volume divided by the volume of burrows-estimated for the creek drainage area vary seasonally from 25 (wet season) to 100 % (dry season) in this study. The tidal pumping of the mangrove forest soil acts as a significant vector for exchange between the forest and the estuary. Processes that enhance exchange of O-2 and other materials across the sediment-water interface could have a profound impact on the environmental response to larger scale processes such as sea level rise and climate change. Compounding the material budgets of the SRSE are additional inputs from groundwater from the Biscayne Aquifer, which were identified using radium isotopes. Quantification of the deep groundwater component is not obtainable, but isotopic data suggest a more prevalent signal in the dry season. These findings highlight the important role that both tidal- and seasonal-scale forcings play on groundwater movement in low-gradient hydrologic systems.
Keywords: Burrow flushing; Radon-222 (Rn-222); Radium isotopes; Coastal groundwater discharge
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Strazisar, T., Koch, M. S., & Madden, C. J. (2015). Seagrass (Ruppia maritima L.) Life History Transitions in Response to Salinity Dynamics Along the Everglades-Florida Bay Ecotone. Estuaries and Coasts, 38(1), 337–352.
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Abstract: Coastal estuaries receiving low and fluctuating freshwater flows are creating more variable salinity environments for submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), including seagrasses. Some SAV species, such as Ruppia maritima L. (wigeongrass), are adapted to variable salinity, but rapid salinity changes can limit population persistence. For example, R. maritima historically dominated at the Everglades-Florida Bay ecotone under greater freshwater flows, but has a more limited distribution in recent decades with greater salinity variability. While R. maritima is an indicator species for Everglades restoration, little is known about how ecotone salinity patterns drive its current limited distribution in southern Everglades estuaries. Seed production is important for population maintenance in this disturbance-tolerant species. Thus, we examined R. maritima life history transitions, including seed germination, seedling and adult survival, and sexual reproduction under site-specific salinity variability across the Everglades ecotone. Seedlings were most susceptible to fluctuating salinity with only 13 % survival at the lower more marine ecotone site under conditions of relatively large-amplitude fluctuations. Adult survival also decreased from upper (93 %) to lower (25 %) sites, resulting in a significant decline in per capita clonal reproduction rates. The markedly low survival rate at the lower ecotone was associated with rapid salinity fluctuations (2.5–20 psu) with short periodicities (<24 h). In addition, no sexual reproduction occurred at any of our ecotone sites, indicating that seed production may be limiting. Thus, hydrologic restoration targets should consider optimization of salinity levels and dynamics that promote SAV early life stage survival and sexual reproduction to restore critical coastal habitats in the Everglades and other highly dynamic estuarine systems.
Keywords: Ruppia maritima; SAV; Everglades; Florida Bay; Life history; Seagrass
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