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	Author	He, J.; Soden, B.J.
	Title	Anthropogenic Weakening of the Tropical Circulation: The Relative Roles of Direct CO[sub:2]Forcing and Sea Surface Temperature Change			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2015	Publication	Journal of Climate	Abbreviated Journal	J. Climate
	Volume	28	Issue	22	Pages	8728-8742
	Keywords	Atmosphere-ocean interaction; Convection; Hydrologic cycle; Walker circulation; Climate change; Climate models
	Abstract	There is a lack of consensus on the physical mechanisms that drive the anthropogenic weakening of tropical circulation. This study investigates the relative roles of direct CO2 forcing, mean SST warming, and the pattern of SST change on the weakening of the tropical circulation using an ensemble of AMIP and aquaplanet simulations. In terms of the mean weakening of the tropical circulation, the SST warming dominates over the direct CO2 forcing through its control over the tropical mean hydrological cycle and tropospheric stratification. In terms of the spatial pattern of circulation weakening, however, the three forcing agents are all important contributors, especially over the ocean. The increasing CO2 weakens convection over ocean directly by stabilizing the lower troposphere and indirectly via the land-sea warming contrast. The mean SST warming drives strong weakening over the centers and edges of convective zones. The pattern of SST warming plays a crucial role on the spatial pattern of circulation weakening over the tropical Pacific.The anthropogenic weakening of the Walker circulation is mostly driven by the mean SST warming. Increasing CO2 strengthens the Walker circulation through its indirect effect on land-sea warming contrast. Changes in the upper-level velocity potential indicate that the pattern of SST warming does not weaken the Walker circulation despite being El Nino-like. A weakening caused by the mean SST warming also dominates changes in the Hadley circulation in the AMIP simulations. However, this weakening is not simulated in the Southern Hemisphere in coupled simulations.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0894-8755	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	FCI @ refbase @			Serial	826
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