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	Author	Duckworth, A.; West, L.; Vansach, T.; Stubler, A.; Hardt, M.
	Title	Effects of water temperature and pH on growth and metabolite biosynthesis of coral reef sponges			Type	Journal Article
	Year	2012	Publication	Marine Ecology Progress Series	Abbreviated Journal	Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
	Volume	462	Issue		Pages	67-77
	Keywords	Sponges · Water temperature · pH · Climate change · Growth · Metabolite biosynthesis
	Abstract	Warmer, more acidic water resulting from increased emissions of greenhouse gases will impact coral reef organisms, but the effects remain unknown for many dominant groups such as sponges. To test for possible effects, adult sponges of 6 common Caribbean coral reef species—Aiolochroia crassa, Aplysina cauliformis, Aplysina fistularis, Ectyoplasia ferox, Iotrochota birotulata and Smenospongia conulosa—were grown for 24 d in seawater ranging from values experienced at present-day summer-maxima (temperature = 28°C; pH = 8.1) to those predicted for the year 2100 (temperature = 31°C; pH = 7.8). For each species, growth and survival were similar among temperature and pH levels. Sponge attachment rates, which are important for reef consolidation, were similar between pH values for all species, and highest at 31°C for E. ferox, I. birotulata and A. cauliformis. Secondary metabolites, responsible for deterring predation and fouling, were examined for A. crassa, A. cauliformis, E. ferox and I. birotulata, with 1 to 3 major metabolites quantified from each species. Final metabolite concentrations varied significantly among treatments only for zooanemonin from E. ferox and N-tele-methylhistamine from I. birotulata, but these concentrations were similar to those found in wild conspecifics. Considering adult sponges only, these findings suggest that the ecological roles and physiological processes of the 6 coral reef species will be little affected by the mean values of water temperature and pH predicted for the end of the century.
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	Publisher		Place of Publication		Editor
	Language		Summary Language		Original Title
	Series Editor		Series Title		Abbreviated Series Title
	Series Volume		Series Issue		Edition
	ISSN	0171-8630	ISBN		Medium
	Area		Expedition		Conference
	Notes				Approved	no
	Call Number	FCI @ refbase @			Serial	286
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